Behavior of QQ-plots and genomic control in studies of gene-environment interaction.
Genome-wide association studies of gene-environment interaction (GxE GWAS) are becoming popular.As with main effects GWAS, quantile-quantile plots (QQ-plots) and Genomic Control are being used to assess and correct for population substructure.However, in G x E work these approaches can be seriously misleading, as we illustrate; QQ-plots may give tu